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Mpox: A Comprehensive Overview

What is Mpox (Monkeypox)?

Mpox (formerly monkeypox) is a zoonotic virus infection caused by the monkeypox virus (MPXV), a species of the genus Orthopoxvirus in the Poxviridae. Like the smallpox virus, but not quite as easily contagious, and usually less severe. Though once an endemic disease of parts of Central and West Africa, mpox has recently become a global public health issue following outbreaks beyond its traditional range.

Types of Mpox Virus

The monkeypox virus is categorized into two distinct clades:

  • Clade I: Formerly known as the Central African or Congo Basin clade, Clade I is associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates. Subclades Ia and Ib are primarily endemic to Central Africa, with outbreaks increasingly reported in non-endemic regions as of 2024.
  • Clade II: Previously referred to as the West African clade, Clade II includes subclades IIa and IIb. Clade IIb was responsible for the global outbreak that began in 2022. It is generally less severe, with a case fatality rate of less than 1% in most outbreaks.

What Does Mpox Look Like?

Mpox manifests through a characteristic rash, often accompanied by systemic symptoms such as fever and lymphadenopathy. The rash progresses through distinct stages:

  • Macules: Flat, discolored spots on the skin.
  • Papules: Raised lesions.
  • Vesicles: Fluid-filled blisters.
  • Pustules: Lesions filled with pus.
  • Scabs: Lesions crust over and eventually fall off, leaving new skin underneath.

The rash may be localized or widespread, commonly appearing on the face, palms, soles, and genital areas. In some cases, lesions may be confined to the genital or anal regions, particularly in sexually transmitted cases. Visit monkeypox virus detection services to explore advanced diagnostic solutions for mpox.

What are the Symptoms of Mpox?

Fig. 1 Mpox-infected hands. (Creative Biolabs Authorized)

Symptoms of mpox vary in severity and presentation but often include:

  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Muscle aches
  • Back pain
  • Fatigue
  • Swollen lymph nodes: A distinguishing feature from similar diseases like chickenpox.
  • Rash: Typically appears within 1 to 5 days after the onset of fever.

Some individuals may exhibit only a localized rash or mild symptoms, making early detection crucial to prevent further spread.

How Does Mpox Spread?

Mpox transmission occurs through various pathways:

  • Human-to-Human Transmission: Mpox spreads through direct contact with lesions, scabs, or bodily fluids, respiratory droplets during close interactions, and handling contaminated materials like clothing, bedding, or personal items.
  • Animal-to-Human Transmission: Mpox can spread from infected animals to humans through bites, scratches, or direct handling. Activities like hunting, preparing, or consuming bushmeat from infected wildlife pose additional risks. Rodents and primates are considered the most likely reservoirs for the virus.
  • Vertical Transmission: Pregnant individuals can transmit the virus to their fetus during pregnancy, or to the newborn during childbirth. This mode of transmission can have serious implications for both the parent and the baby.

Mpox in 2024

In 2024, global surveillance of mpox reveals several critical updates:

  • Clade I Expansion: Cases have been reported outside traditional Central African regions due to changing ecological and social conditions.
  • Clade IIb Continuity: The strain responsible for the 2022–2023 global outbreak continues to circulate, with over 100,000 confirmed cases worldwide.
  • Evolving Risk Factors: Waning immunity from the cessation of smallpox vaccination and increased international travel contribute to its spread.

How to Test Mpox?

Fig. 2 Mpox RT-PCR test. (Creative Biolabs Authorized)

Mpox diagnoses must be supported by lab analysis. The best test is polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing that goes against viral DNA. Sample collection typically involves swabbing lesions. We do not usually advise blood tests as they have lower diagnostic accuracy.

Diagnostic testing must differentiate mpox from other conditions with similar presentations, such as chickenpox, syphilis, and herpes. Creative Biolabs offers advanced research tools, including monkepox virus PCR kits, to support accurate mpox detection.

How to Treat Mpox?

For mpox, there are no approved antiviral drugs. Most mpox cases are mild and resolve in a few weeks with supportive treatment, involving symptom management, hydration and skin care to avoid complications. Patients who are very sick or pregnant should be treated with antiviral drugs like tecovirimat (TPOXX) or cidofovir/brincidofovir.

There's also Vaccinia immune globulin (VIG-IV), which is an antibody therapy that can be administered in some cases. These treatments are already approved for other viral infections, like smallpox, but ongoing research is evaluating their efficacy for mpox.

Creative Biolabs emphasizes our preclinical CRO services for mpox drug development and mpox vaccine development. Our commitment to advancing scientific understanding of mpox contributes to global efforts to mitigate its impact.

How can I prevent mpox?

Prevention strategies focus on reducing exposure to the virus:

  • Vaccination: Vaccines such as JYNNEOS are recommended for high-risk groups, including healthcare workers and individuals with close contact exposure.
  • Hygiene Practices:
    • Frequent handwashing with soap and water.
    • Avoiding contact with potentially contaminated materials.
    • Using personal protective equipment (PPE) when caring for infected individual
  • Behavioral Measures:
    • Avoid close contact with symptomatic individuals.
    • Practice safe sex and avoid sharing personal items.

Avoid interaction with wild animals in endemic regions.

FAQs

Why was the name "monkeypox" changed to mpox?

The World Health Organization (WHO) switched the name "monkeypox" to "mpox" in 2022 to reduce stigma and misperception. The revision falls in line with contemporary disease names, which do not reflect cultural, regional or social bias. "Mpox" is more neutral and is used to refer to the disease caused by the monkeypox virus.

Can mpox kill you?

While mpox can cause significant illness, especially in people with weakened immune systems or young children, the mortality rate is generally low. The case fatality rate for the Clade II strain, which is responsible for most recent outbreaks, is below 1%. However, Clade I has historically had higher mortality rates of up to 10%, though these have been much lower in recent outbreaks due to improved healthcare and early detection.

Is mpox curable?

Currently, there is no specific cure for mpox. However, the disease often resolves on its own, and most cases are mild. Management typically involves supportive care. There are treatments available to reduce the severity of the disease in certain high-risk cases, though these are still under evaluation.

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We DO NOT PROVIDE ANY PRODUCTS OR SERVICES DIRECTLY TO PATIENTS. All of our products are for Research Use Only (RUO), NOT intended for diagnostic, therapeutic, or clinical use.